Articles receuillis sur le site de la BBC:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399748.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4376500.stm
As part of a series on French Muslims, the BBC News website's Henri Astier looks at the issue of discrimination, a leading source of frustration in France's unemployment-riddled ghettos.
Sadek recently quit his job delivering groceries near Saint-Denis, just north of Paris. He was tired of climbing stairs with heavy bags.
 Unemployment is high in estates which are home to many Muslims |
Telemarketing could be a possibility - his Arab roots safely hidden from view. Of course, he would have to work under an assumed name.
Sadek's story sums up the job prospects of the children and grandchildren of Muslim immigrants.
They may be French on paper - but they know that Ali and Rachid are much less likely to get ahead than Alain or Richard.
Racial discrimination is banned in France. But a quick look at the people working in any shop or office suggests the practice is widespread.
The impression is confirmed by official statistics.
Unemployment among people of French origin is 9.2%. Among those of foreign origin, the figure is 14% - even after adjusting for educational qualifications.
Closed doors
The pressure group SOS Racisme regularly highlights cases of employers discarding applicants with foreign names.
It says such discrimination is particularly rife in the retail and hospitality industries - but also for jobs involving no contact with the public.
"Some companies believe that to be responsible for marketing you must have roots in mainland France over several generations to understand the French consumer attitudes," according to a recent SOS Racisme report.
|  You feel you will never make it because you are Arab  Journalist Nadir Dendoune  |
For many young people, the first time they notice the closed door is when they try to go clubbing.
"The first time the guy at the entrance says: 'You're not coming in', you accept it," says Nadir Dendoune, a journalist from Saint-Denis.
"But after two or three times, you go home carrying a bag of hatred on your shoulders."
And when you can't find a job, Mr Dendoune adds, despondency turns to paranoia.
"Every rejection - even those that may not be racially motivated - undermines your self-confidence. You feel you will never make it because you are Arab."
Failed approach
France has countless bodies dedicated to helping immigrants - a High Council for Integration, a Directorate for Populations and Migrations, several regional commissions for the insertion of immigrants, and so on.
 Samia Amara questions the need to "integrate" French Muslims |
The situation could lead to "serious social and racial tensions", the court warned prophetically.
According to some, the concept of "integration" itself is flawed.
"People always talk of the need to 'integrate' Muslims. But the youths are French. Why should they need integrating?" asks Samia Amara, 23, a youth worker near Paris.
Mr Sabeg agrees that "integration" is just hot air. "What does it mean? Are some French people supposed to integrate and others to be integrated?"
Some politicians argue that France should admit this failure and try something new.
| UNEMPLOYMENT WOES 9.2% unemployment rate for people of French origin 14% unemployment for people of foreign origin (adjusted for education) 5% overall unemployment for university graduates 26.5% unemployment for "North African" university graduates Source: Insee |
His country, he points out, has no black or Arab TV presenters, and all MPs from mainland France are white.
Mr Valls is a firm believer in "positive discrimination" - a very un-French concept that is beginning to gain acceptance.
The broad idea is extra help based on geographical and social - but not racial - criteria. Mr Valls points to an example of such action in his own constituency.
The Lycee Robert Doisneau is a secondary school surrounded by some of the country's worst housing estates, with unemployment in excess of 30%.
 The Lycee Robert Doisneau offers students a shot at success |
Despite such a challenging intake, the school offers a way out of the ghetto.
"The students come here to study and to succeed," says head teacher Genevieve Piniau.
She has pioneered partnerships with elite schools, whose high-fliers groom local pupils to develop their aspirations.
The school also takes part in a scheme run by Paris' Political Sciences Institute, providing special access for students from deprived areas.
The result is 89% success in school leaving exams - well above the national average - and a record of success at university level for former students.
Distant dream
Of course, youths from poor suburbs need more than an education - they need jobs.
Efforts are being made to encourage employers to take them on. Unlike the failed legislative approach, the emphasis is now on voluntary pledges by employers.
Mr Sabeg is among the sponsors of a new "diversity charter" encouraging companies to "reflect the diversity of French society" by hiring qualified non-whites.
It remains to be seen how this will be implemented.
Mr Sabeg is looking across the Channel for inspiration, noting that the head of Vodafone, one of Europe's largest companies, is an Indian, Arun Sarin.
"When this happens here, we will know France has changed," he says.
Meanwhile in Saint-Denis, Sadek would settle for a temp job at the post office - but that remains a distant dream.
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Whenever Islam is mentioned on television or in the newspapers, it is always about terrorist attacks, Osama bin Laden, and all that. During [the Muslim holy month of Ramadan] I saw nothing about Ramadan on TV. 
We are constantly being provoked.
During Ramadan cops on patrol came here, ate sandwiches and called out to provoke us: "Do you want to eat?" They have to respect for us.
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If on the one hand you tell people that they are French, but on the other hand treat them as outsiders, young men in search of an identity will feel lost. They are faced with adults who tell him contradictory things. They are expected to get degrees, to be integrated, but in the end they face a wall.
I want to become a lawyer.
If you are motivated you can do what you like. Where there is a will there is a way.
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The young have not yet faced discrimination and may not realise the obstacles ahead.
They will face enormous problems to make it out of the ghetto.
If I refuse a glass of wine at a cocktail party people warily ask me whether I observe Ramadan.
Why should they care? I never ask people whether or not they go to Church on Sunday. Religion is a private business.
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When people speak of young Muslims, they mean something very specific - people of North African origin living in housing estates. And the subtext says: young criminals, radicals, etc.
Whenever I hear "We must help Muslim people" I find it shocking. First, I don't think I should be defined by my religion. And moreover I know they are not talking about me.
The problem with French-style Republicanism is that you are accepted as long as you fit a certain mould.
As soon as you have something that comes from outside, you are no longer viewed as entirely French. You are suspicious.
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I get strange looks when I wear my headscarf around town. Some have a look of pity, that says 'poor girl, she is oppressed'.
Others are angry, and see me as a fundamentalist. Once a woman threw her shopping bag at me.
When I get a job I want to continue wearing a headscarf. But firms will not let me, so if I want to work I will have to stay with Muslims, which is not necessarily what I want.
I like to have people with me who are different. But all the time, you are reminded that if you wear a headscarf you are a Muslim and you must stay with your own.
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Every day I go to the mosque - a small mosque.
Islam gives me self-confidence. It is a religion that comes from heaven.
It helps me overcome my problems.
Preachers who call for murder should be banned. The Koran says you must obey the laws of the land where you live.
But I understand those who carry out attacks in Iraq. [The Americans and the British] invaded a Muslim land and must be fought.
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When I told my own parents it was like coming out - and this was painful. My mother was aghast: she imagined me with a beard. For them Islam equals Bin Laden, the attacks in Iraq. So I don't speak about Islam because it irritates them. When I am with my parents I have to pretend I am not Muslim.
Islam condemns injustice, whether Bush's or Saddam Hussein's injustice.
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Mosques are not dens of terrorism. Youths are not potential Bin Ladens, as they are often perceived to be.
